Curved ultrasonic HIFU transducer formed by tiled segments

ABSTRACT

A curved high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) transducer comprising a plurality of curved composite ceramic piezoelectric tiles having opposite convex and concave surfaces, each tile having electrodes on the surfaces electrically coupled to the composite ceramic piezoelectric material, and a plurality of acoustic transmission areas located on each tile and actuated through electrodes on the convex surface, the transmission areas and electrodes being acoustically separated from surrounding areas by cuts into the composite ceramic piezoelectric material, the plurality of tiles fitting together to form a substantially continuous curved composite piezoelectric surface which transmits HIFU acoustic energy.

This invention relates to medical diagnostic ultrasound systems and, in particular, to ultrasonic transducers which are used for controlled heating of body tissues by high intensity focused ultrasound, known as HIFU.

Ultrasonically delivered elevated temperature treatments are used for a variety of therapeutic purposes In HIFU treatment, ultrasonic energy is focused to a small spot within the body so as to heat the tissues to a temperature sufficient to create a desired therapeutic effect. The technique is similar to lithotripsy, where focused energy is high enough to break up kidney stones, but with considerably less energy that is delivered over an extended time rather than a sudden pulse. The HIFU technique can be used to selectively destroy unwanted tissue within the body. For example, tumors or other pathological tissues can be destroyed by applying focused ultrasonic energy so as to heat the cells to a temperature sufficient to kill the tissue, generally about 60 to about 80 degrees C., without destroying adjacent normal tissues. Other elevated-temperature treatments include selectively heating tissues so as to selectively activate a drug or to promote some other physiological change in a selected portion of the subject's body.

HIFU transducers are often formed as spherical or parabolic dishes with a radius of curvature that gives the transducer a geometric focal point. See, for example, the HIFU transducer described in international patent application publication number WO 98/52465 (Acker et al.) The transducer described in this publication is formed by a number of transducer sections secured to a frame with the desired curvature. When the individual sections or transducer elements in the sections can be individually energized with drive signals of different phases and amplitudes, the entire transducer can be steered and focused in the manner of a phased array to steer the focal point of the energy around the nominal geometric focus.

A significant number of transducer sections are needed to provide the high energy to be delivered by the transducer. The transducer of the Acker et al. publication is about 15 cm in diameter and has many transducer sections placed around its dish-shaped frame. Each of the transducer sections must be connected to signal leads and each must operate properly to achieve the desired focus for heating. This poses a significant fabrication and construction effort and requires painstaking quality control and testing to verify that each section is fully operational. Accordingly it would be desirable to provide a transducer structure that can be formed of fewer transducer components for assembly. Each component must be capable of straightforward fabrication, testing and assembly. Preferably, the transducer elements should be of high efficiency in the conversion of electrical drive energy into focused acoustic energy. The transducer structures in the Acker et al. transducer, for instance, are made of a piezoelectric film, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). While PVDF film is flexible and advantageously can be formed to the shape of a curved HIFU transducer, the material generally exhibits a poor coupling coefficient and a low dielectric constant. As a result, the conversion efficiency of the material for transmitting ultrasound can be only 20% or less. The drive energy which is not converted to acoustic energy will be produced as heat, causing heating of both the piezoelectric film and the backing to which it is attached. It would further be desirable to reduce such heating in a HIFU transducer.

In accordance with the principles of the present invention, a spherical HIFU transducer is described which is formed of a small number of composite ceramic piezoelectric tiles. The tiles are curved in two dimensions so that they will fit together to form the desired spherical transmitting surface of a desired geometric focus. Each tile can be individually fabricated and tested before assembly, assuring that the complete transducer will be fully function as specified after assembly. Such composite ceramic piezoelectric tiles can exhibit an energy conversion efficiency of 80-85% during transmission.

In the drawings:

FIG. 1 illustrates in perspective a spherical transducer matching layer separately formed for a HIFU transducer of the present invention.

FIG. 2a illustrates an end view of a sheet of ceramic piezoelectric material which has been diced to form a composite transducer array for a HIFU transducer of the present invention.

FIG. 2b illustrates a composite transducer array with a nonmagnetic via constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention.

FIG. 3 illustrates a composite transducer array with emitting elements and nonmagnetic vias constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention.

FIG. 4 illustrates a composite piezoelectric tile prior to spherical shaping for a HIFU transducer of the present invention.

FIG. 5 illustrates in cross-section the placement of composite piezoelectric tiles on the matching layer for a HIFU transducer of the present invention.

FIG. 6 illustrates in perspective the back of a nine-tile HIFU transducer of the present invention.

FIGS. 7a and 7b illustrate the front and back surfaces of a curved printed circuit board with extended compliant contacts for a HIFU transducer of the present invention.

FIG. 8 illustrates in perspective the back of a HIFU transducer of the present invention with a support frame attached for the printed circuit boards of FIGS. 7a and 7 b.

FIG. 9 is a detailed illustration of the connection of the extended compliant contacts of a printed circuit board to transducer areas of a HIFU transducer of the present invention.

FIG. 10 is a partial cross-sectional and perspective view of a HIFU transducer of the present invention with a peripheral frame and back duct cover.

FIG. 11 is a plan view of the back duct cover of FIG. 10.

FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view of the HIFU transducer of FIG. 10.

FIG. 12a is an enlarged view of the periphery of the HIFU transducer of FIG. 12.

FIG. 13 is a perspective view of a HIFU transducer of the present invention when mounted in a patient support table.

Construction of a HIFU transducer of the present invention may begin with fabrication of a spherical or dish-shaped matching layer. The matching layer(s) of a transducer provide at least a partial matching of the acoustic properties of the piezoelectric transducer to the acoustic properties of the patient's body or the medium between the transducer and the patient. The properties matched may include acoustic impedance, velocity of sound, and material density. In the conventional construction of an ultrasound transducer the matching layer is generally formed on the transducer stack and is formed over the reference electrodes on the emitting surface of the piezoelectric material. For the HIFU transducer described in this disclosure a spherical matching layer is formed by itself, separate from the rest of the transducer. There are several ways to form the spherical matching layer, including casting, molding, thermoforming, or machining. The spherical matching layer of the HIFU transducer described herein is made of a loaded epoxy which is loaded with particles which provide the matching layer with its desired acoustic properties as is known in the art. Preferably the particles are non-magnetic. In casting or molding the spherical matching layer, the loaded epoxy is poured into a concave fixture of the desired spherical shape. A convex fixture is closed over the concave fixture, forcing the liquid epoxy to fill the spherical space between the two fixtures. The epoxy is cured and removed from the fixtures, then peripherally machined to its final form. In a thermoform process a planar sheet of the desired thickness is formed of the loaded epoxy, then partially cured. The sheet is then placed over a heated convex or concave fixture of the desired curvature which warms the sheet so that it becomes pliant and conforms to the curvature of the fixture. When the sheet has attained its desired spherical shape it is cured and finished. In a machining process a disk of loaded epoxy is cast or molded and cured. The disk is then machined on one side to form a convex surface. The disk is then put on a concave fixture and the other side of the disk is machined to form the concave side of the spherical matching layer. In a constructed embodiment the finished spherical matching layer from any of these processes is 0.5 mm thick, has a diameter of 140 mm, and a spherical radius of 140 mm, the size and shape of the finished HIFU transducer. FIG. 1 illustrates such a spherical matching layer 10. The concave surface 12 is the emitting surface of the finished transducer which faces the patient and the convex surface 14 is sputtered to produce a redundant signal return electrode, then covered with composite piezoelectric tiles. The rigid matching layer thus provides a form of the desired curvature for assembly of the piezoelectric tile layer. Since the matching layer 10 in front of the tiles is a continuously formed surface, it provides the desired electrical and environmental isolation of the rest of the HIFU transducer from the patient and the external surroundings in front of the HIFU transducer.

Construction of the composite piezoelectric transducer array begins with a sheet 30 of ceramic piezoelectric material as shown in FIGS. 2a and 2b . In a constructed transducer the sheet 30 is 1.2 mm thick (T). First, a number of holes are drilled through the sheet 30 where it is desired to have electrical connections from the back to the front (emitting side) of the transducer. The holes are then filled with silver-filled epoxy to form vias 32 through the sheet. The silver filling provides electrical conductivity and is non-magnetic for operation in a magnetic field of an MRI system. Other non-magnetic conductive material may be used for the conductive filling. The silver epoxy is cured. The sheet is then diced part-way through the thickness with parallel cuts 16 in one direction as shown in the view of the edge of the sheet 30 in FIG. 2a . Then the sheet is diced part-way through with parallel cuts in the orthogonal direction, leaving a plurality of upward projecting piezoelectric posts 18 and vias 32. The dicing cuts are then filled with non-conducting epoxy and cured. The top and bottom surfaces of the sheet are then machined flat to the depths indicated by dashed lines 34 in FIG. 2a . This will result in a finished sheet of a matrix of piezoelectric posts 18 and conductive vias 32 in epoxy 36 as shown in FIG. 2b . The finished sheet comprises a 1:3 matrix of piezoelectric posts, each of which has its dominant vibrational mode in its longitudinal direction through the thickness of the sheet, and which transmits ultrasound predominately in a direction toward the front (patient facing) side of the transducer. This predominant vibrational mode of the composite material reduces unwanted lateral transmission across the array to other active areas of the array.

The flat composite piezoelectric sheet 30 is machined to a trapezoidal shape as shown by the peripheral shape of the composite piezoelectric tile 40 of FIG. 4. In a constructed HIFU transducer the tiles have the trapezoidal shape of FIG. 4 to allow for a circular spherical center tile as described below. Alternatively, each tile may be machined in the shape of a slice of pie, so that the tiles will cover the matching layer without need for a center tile. The tiles could also take on other geometric shapes arranged to cover the spherical surface including but not limited to pentagons mixed with hexagons as demonstrated by the panels of a soccer ball. The flat trapezoidal tile of FIG. 4 is then given its desired spherical curvature. Since the composite transducer is formed of a matrix in epoxy, the tile can be heated to soften the epoxy so that the tile can be conformed to the desired curvature. This can be done by placing the tile 40 on a heated concave or convex fixture, then pressing the tile into conformance with the convex or concave shape. While the tile is held in the desired curvature, the fixture is cooled and the epoxy is allowed to fully cure. The result is a spherical-shaped composite piezoelectric tile for a spherical HIFU transducer.

After the tile has been curved the top and bottom surfaces 38 are metalized by sputtering a conductive material onto the surfaces of the sheet as shown for the sheet 30 of FIG. 3. Preferably the conductive material is non-magnetic such as gold or titanium/gold. The metalized surfaces are electrically connected by the conductive vias 32, providing electrical connection from the back surface of the composite sheet to the front. Active (transmitting and receiving) areas of the composite piezoelectric sheet are then isolated by diamond core drilling, laser drilling, or ultrasonic machining around desired active areas from the back (convex) surface of the tile. Several such defined active areas 44 are shown in FIGS. 3 and 4. The cuts 42 which define the active areas cut through the metallization of the surface of the sheet to electrically isolate the areas and preferably extend over half-way through the composite sheet so as to acoustically isolate the active area from the surrounding areas of the sheet and other active areas. Alternatively, the active areas can be electrically and acoustically isolated after the tiles are bonded to the matching layer.

In a constructed tile the active areas 44 are not symmetrically arranged in rows or columns or circles or other regular patterns but are irregularly or randomly arranged as shown in FIG. 4. The random pattern prevents any significant additive combining of the acoustic sidelobes of the active areas which would diminish the effective energy delivered by the HIFU transducer.

Eight of the spherical trapezoidal tiles 40 are then thin bonded adjacent to each other around the convex surface 14 of the matching layer 10, which thereby provides a form for assembly of the tiles. If the spherical tiles 40 are pie-shaped as described above, the tiles will completely cover the convex side of the matching layer 10. When the spherical tiles are trapezoidal as shown in FIG. 4, they will cover the convex side of the matching layer except for the center of the matching layer. This circular spherical space can be left open. Alternatively it can be covered with a circular spherical thermal conductor such as aluminum for cooling. Returning acoustic energy will tend to be focused in the center of the HIFU transducer by virtue of its spherical geometric shape. Locating a thermal conductor here can aid in cooling the HIFU transducer. Alternatively, a circular spherical composite piezoelectric tile 48 can fill this space. For example, the circular sheet of FIG. 3, with its own active areas, can be formed into a spherical shape and located here, providing full composite piezoelectric coverage of the matching layer 10 as shown by the cross-sectional view of the trapezoidal and circular tiles on the matching layer 10 in FIG. 5. In a constructed transducer of this full coverage design, the nine tiles provide the HIFU transducer with 265 active areas, 256 for transmit and nine for receive.

It is seen in FIG. 3 that the vias 32 are located so as to connect the metalized area around the active areas on the back surface to the metalized surface on the front (patient-facing) side of the tile. In a constructed HIFU transducer the metalized area around the active areas 44 is electrically coupled to a reference potential. The vias 32 couple this reference potential to the metalized surface on the other side of the tile, the side not visible in FIG. 3. The vias are thus used to apply a reference potential to the patient-facing side of the composite piezoelectric tiles, and also to the metallization on the patient-facing side of the active areas 44. Since the patient-facing side of the tiles 40 are bonded to the matching layer 10 and are thus inaccessible for electrical connections, the vias provide the needed electrical connection through the piezoelectric sheet to the front side of the tile.

Next, a plastic support frame 50 is attached to the back of the assembled tiles by bonding, snap fit, or fasteners as shown in FIG. 6. In a constructed transducer each of the nine tiles 40,48 is accessible between the ribs of the support frame. The support frame is used to mount eight trapezoidal and one circular printed circuit boards 52 in a spaced relation above the back surfaces of the composite piezoelectric tiles 40. FIGS. 7a and 7b illustrate the front and back (54) surfaces of the trapezoidal printed circuit boards 52. Located on the back surface 54 are printed circuit connections 56 from a connector 57 which are connected by plated through-holes 59 through the board to active areas of the HIFU transducer. On the front surface of the printed circuit boards are compliant metallic contacts 60 which span the space between a printed circuit board and its tile and electrically connect the printed circuit connections to the active areas 44 and vias 32 of the opposing composite piezoelectric tile 40. Located at one edge of the printed circuit board 52 which is at the periphery of the HIFU transducer are cooling notches 58.

A printed circuit board 52 is bonded to the support frame 50 above each tile such as tile 40 shown in FIG. 6. When a printed circuit board is assembled in this manner it appears as shown by printed circuit board 52 in FIG. 8. Before this assembly, the extended ends of the compliant metallic contacts 60 are coated with conductive epoxy. When the printed circuit board is assembled on the frame, the ends of the contacts 60 will contact metalized areas of the opposing tile and become bonded in electrical connection with the metalized areas when the conductive epoxy cures. The contacts 60 thus provide electrical communication between the printed circuit boards and active and reference potential areas of the piezoelectric tiles.

While the printed circuit boards can be fabricated as conventional planar printed circuit boards, the printed circuit board 52 of FIGS. 7a and 7b preferably have a spherical curvature, matching that of the opposing composite piezoelectric tiles 40 to which they are connected by the contacts 60. The printed circuit boards can be curved on just the side facing the tile as shown in FIG. 7a , or on both sides. The printed circuit boards can be formed as curved boards in several ways. One is to start with a thick planar sheet of glass epoxy board material and machine or grind the surface of the board to the desired curvature. The other technique is to use thermoforming to heat the board material and soften the epoxy, then form the curvature by compressing the sheet against a fixture of the desired curvature. The circuit boards can be double-clad with photo-imaged and chemically-etched conductive lines on the top and bottom surfaces interconnected by plated through-holes formed in the boards. The circuit boards can also be multilayer boards with three or more layers of conductive lines formed on the surfaces and within layers of the board for more complex, higher density circuit configurations. The rigid boards 52 are also capable of securely mounting other electrical components such as the connector 57.

The compliant metallic contacts 60 may be formed as springs, such as leaf springs, curled springs, or helical springs. The springs provide numerous benefits. First, they provide electrical connection from the printed circuit boards to provide drive signals and reference potential to areas of the piezoelectric of the HIFU transducer. When a flat, planar printed circuit board is used in opposition to a spherically shaped composite piezoelectric tile, the compliance of the contacts 60 will allow the contacts to span the uneven distance 62 between the board 52 and the piezoelectric tile, being relatively uncompressed when the spanned distance is greater and relatively more compressed when the distance is less. Second, they allow a space 62 to remain between the piezoelectric tiles which is used for cooling the piezoelectric tiles. Third, they provide compliant electrical connections which allow for the spacing between the printed circuit boards and the tiles to change with heating and cooling of the HIFU transducer. Fourth, since the metallic contacts are thermally conductive and span the air flow passageway between the piezoelectric material and the printed circuit board, they will conduct heat from the piezoelectric material which will be dissipated as air flows past the contacts in the passageway. These benefits can be appreciated from the enlarged view of these connections of FIG. 9. In this drawing the contacts 60 are formed as spring clips which span the cooling space 62 between the printed circuit board 52 and the tile 40. The center contact 60 is seen to be providing electrical connection to an active area 44 of the tile 40. This active transducer area 44 is isolated from the surrounding area of the tile by cuts 42 through the surface metallization and into the composite piezoelectric tile 40. On either side of the center contact 60 are spring clip contacts 60 a which are connected to the metallization above vias 32. These electrical connections thereby connect the front metalized surface of the tile, that which is bonded to the matching layer 10 and is therefore inaccessible for direct electrical connection, to a desired electrical potential such as a reference potential.

FIG. 10 illustrates further assembly of a HIFU transducer of the present invention in which the assembled matching layer 10, composite piezoelectric tiles 40, support frame 50 and printed circuit boards 52 are fit into a circular peripheral frame 80 which is capped with a back plate 70. The back plate 70 thereby encloses an air passageway 76 between the back surfaces of the printed circuit boards 52 and the plate. The back plate includes two air ports 72 and 74, one accessing the cooling space 62′ between the center printed circuit board 52′ and the center piezoelectric tile through a hole in the board 52′, and the other accessing the air passageway 76 between the boards 52 and the plate 70. The back plate 70 is shown in a plan view in FIG. 11. In the example of FIG. 10 the plate 70 contacts the circular central rib of the support frame 50 to separate the cooling space 62′ from the peripheral air passageway 76. Air for cooling is forced into one of these ports and out the other to cool the composite piezoelectric tiles 40. It is seen that, unlike a conventional transducer stack, the composite piezoelectric tiles have no backing material attached to their back (non-emitting) surfaces. Instead, they are backed by the cooling space 62. This means that there is no attached backing material to be heated by the composite piezoelectric during use. Instead, the back surface of the composite piezoelectric is cooled by the flow of air in the cooling space 62 between the composite piezoelectric and the printed circuit boards 52. When air is forced into the port 74, for instance, the air will flow through the central cooling space 62′, through apertures 64 in the support frame 50 (see FIG. 8), through the cooling spaces 62 between the trapezoidal tiles 40 and the trapezoidal printed circuit boards 52, through the peripheral notches 58 of the printed circuit boards into the air passageway 76, and out through the port 72. Thus, the back surface of the composite piezoelectric tiles can be continuously directly air-cooled during use of the HIFU transducer.

FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view through the center of the HIFU transducer assembly of FIG. 10 which further illustrates the elements of the air cooling system of the assembly. FIG. 12a is an enlarged view of the periphery of the assembly, showing a piezoelectric tile 40, support frame 50 and printed circuit board 52 in abutment with the peripheral frame 80 and capped with the back plate 70.

FIG. 13 illustrates a HIFU transducer 22 of the present invention employed in the patient support table 28 of an ultrasonic HIFU system 20. FIG. 13 presents a top view of the patient support table. The patient support table 28 has a first reservoir 24 filled with a suitable transmission liquid, for example, water. For reasons of clarity, the transparent membrane sealing the top of the first reservoir 24 is not shown. The HIFU transducer 22 is located in the first reservoir 24 and is arranged to emit high intensity focused ultrasonic energy upward toward a patient reclined on the table 28. The water of the reservoir 24 provides an acoustic coupling medium between the HIFU transducer 22 and the patient, and also provides cooling of the front of the HIFU transducer. In order to complete the coupling of the ultrasonic energy emanating from the first reservoir to the patient, a second reservoir 27 comprising a low reflective medium is positioned above the first reservoir 24. Preferably, a suitable gel pad is used for the second reservoir. The second reservoir 27 comprises a contact surface 27 a onto which a patient to be treated is positioned. The apparatus 20 further comprises an aperture 26 arranged to enable an inspection, for example, a visual inspection, of the contact surface 27 a between the second reservoir 27 and the patient. The aperture 26 is preferably arranged as a substantially transparent window through which medical personnel directly, or using a mirror or a suitably arranged camera, can inspect for the presence of air bubbles between the contact surface 27 a and the patient. In the case when an air bubble is detected, the patient is repositioned until no air bubbles are present. After that, the patient is suitably immobilized and a treatment may be commenced. The HIFU system 20 of FIG. 13 is further described in international patent application publication number WO 2008/102293 (Bruggers). 

What is claimed is:
 1. A curved high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) transducer comprising: a plurality of separate curved composite ceramic piezoelectric tiles having opposite convex and concave surfaces, wherein the composite ceramic piezoelectric tiles comprise a layer of ceramic piezoelectric posts embedded in epoxy, each tile of the plurality of tiles having electrodes on the surfaces electrically coupled to the composite ceramic piezoelectric material, and a plurality of acoustic transmission areas located on each tile of the plurality of tiles and actuated through electrodes on the convex surface, the transmission areas and electrodes being acoustically separated from surrounding areas by cuts into the composite ceramic piezoelectric material, the plurality of tiles each coupled to a support frame comprising ribs that separate the tiles from one another, wherein the plurality of tiles form a curved composite piezoelectric surface configured to transmit HIFU acoustic energy.
 2. The curved HIFU transducer of claim 1, wherein the layer of ceramic piezoelectric posts embedded in epoxy forms a 1:3 composite matrix.
 3. The curved HIFU transducer of claim 2, wherein each acoustic transmission area further comprises a plurality of ceramic piezoelectric posts of a composite matrix.
 4. The curved HIFU transducer of claim 1, wherein the acoustic transmission areas are acoustically separated by peripheral cuts extending at least halfway through the piezoelectric material.
 5. The curved HIFU transducer of claim 1, further comprising at least one acoustic reception area located on each tile and actuated through an electrode on the convex surface.
 6. The curved HIFU transducer of claim 1, wherein the transmission areas on a tile are surrounded by an electrode area which is coupled to a reference potential.
 7. The curved HIFU transducer of claim 6, wherein the electrode on the concave surface further comprises a metalized layer coupled to a reference potential.
 8. The curved HIFU transducer of claim 7, wherein the electrode on the concave surface is coupled to a reference potential electrode area on the convex surface by a conductive via extending through the composite ceramic piezoelectric tile.
 9. The curved HIFU transducer of claim 1, wherein the concave surface further comprises a patient-facing acoustic emission surface.
 10. The curved HIFU transducer of claim 1, wherein the plurality of tiles are fitted together over and bonded to a curved matching layer having a convex curvature matching the concave curvature of the composite piezoelectric surface.
 11. The curved HIFU transducer of claim 1, wherein the piezoelectric tiles are each separate tiles having one of a pie-slice shape or a trapezoidal shape and a spherical curvature to fit together with other tiles of the plurality of tiles to form the substantially continuous curved composite piezoelectric surface.
 12. The curved HIFU transducer of claim 1, wherein the piezoelectric tiles are each separate tiles having a trapezoidal shape and a spherical curvature to fit together with other tiles of the plurality of tiles to form the substantially continuous curved composite piezoelectric surface, wherein the tiles define a central space in the center of the transducer when the tiles are fitted together, wherein a disk-shaped spherical tile is located in the central space.
 13. The curved HIFU transducer of claim 1, wherein the piezoelectric tiles are each separate tiles having a trapezoidal shape and a spherical curvature to fit together with other tiles of the plurality of tiles to form the substantially continuous curved composite piezoelectric surface, wherein the tiles define a central space in the center of the transducer when the tiles are fitted together, wherein a cooling element is located in the central space.
 14. The curved HIFU transducer of claim 2, wherein the 1:3 composite piezoelectric posts and the cuts into the composite ceramic piezoelectric material surrounding the acoustic transmission areas both act to reduce lateral acoustic transmission through the piezoelectric material.
 15. The curved HIFU transducer of claim 1, wherein the opposite convex and concave surfaces are metalized by a conductive material.
 16. The curved HIFU transducer of claim 15, wherein the conductive material is non-magnetic.
 17. The curved HIFU transducer of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of tiles is accessible between the ribs.
 18. The curved HIFU transducer of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of circuit boards attached in a spaced relation opposite the convex surfaces of the tiles using the support frame.
 19. The curved HIFU transducer of claim 18, wherein the plurality of circuit boards are electrically coupled to the tiles using compliant metallic contacts spanning the distance between the circuit boards and the tiles.
 20. A curved high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) transducer comprising: a plurality of separate curved composite ceramic piezoelectric tiles having opposite convex and concave surfaces, wherein the composite ceramic piezoelectric tiles comprise a layer of ceramic piezoelectric posts embedded in epoxy, each tile of the plurality of tiles having electrodes on the opposite convex and concave surfaces, the electrodes electrically coupled to the composite ceramic piezoelectric material, a plurality of acoustic transmission areas located on each tile of the plurality of tiles and actuated through electrodes on the convex surface, the transmission areas and electrodes being acoustically separated from surrounding areas by cuts into the composite ceramic piezoelectric material; a continuous curved matching layer, wherein the plurality of tiles are fitted over and bonded to a convex side of the continuous curved matching layer to form a substantially continuous concave surface which transmits HIFU acoustic energy; a support frame attached to a convex side of the plurality of tiles, the support frame comprising ribs that separate the tiles from one another; and a plurality of circuit boards mounted in a spaced relation opposite the convex side of the plurality of tiles using the support frame. 